On a normal day, the cells of a human liver do what they do best – making key blood proteins, clearing toxins from the blood and sending their remains down the digestive tract in a never-ending stream of bile.
But when something comes along that badly injures enough of those cells – such as a liver-damaging overdose of pain medicine – this vital work can come to a screeching halt.
With few good treatment options available, more than 2,000 Americans die of acute liver failure each year.
Now, new research points to a potential way to prevent that damage, but more importantly even treat it — as well as a possible way to better monitor the health of patients who have suffered from it.
In a new paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a team from the University of Michigan describe how a protein involved in one of the liver’s most basic functions also sounds the alarm when liver cells get hurt.
That alarm, and the help that it summons from the immune system, can help protect the liver from further damage, the researchers report. It can even spur the repair of a damaged liver after injury, says Bishr Omary, M.D., Ph.D., who led the research team.
Unexpected function
Working with a team of University of Michigan colleagues from many fields, Omary and former postdoctoral fellow Min-Jung Park, Ph.D., discovered an unexpected function for the enzyme CPS1, short for carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1.
Normally, CPS1 plays a key role in breaking down ammonia, a waste product the body needs to get rid of. It does this in the mitochondria of the major cells of the liver, called hepatocytes.
A few years ago, Omary and his team discovered CPS1 in an unexpected place: the blood of animals and humans with acute liver injury. They showed that the amount of CPS1 in the blood served as an indicator of the extent of the damage – but also found that it left the blood quickly. That made it a potential early marker for recovery from liver injury.
In the new paper, they report that CPS1 is normally released into bile but ends up in blood upon acute liver injury. They were surprised to learn where CPS1 disappeared to: the inside of white blood cells called monocytes. There, they found, it performs a good deed.
“CPS1 that is cleared from blood reprograms monocytes to become anti-inflammatory and move to the liver,” says Omary, a professor in the Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of Michigan Medical School. “This cytokine-like function, which is entirely unrelated to its usual enzymatic function, provides a mechanism for the protective effect we observed. It’s very exciting since it offers a potential pathway to develop new treatments.”
Piecing together the CPS1 puzzle
Park, now a research scientist in the College of Veterinary Medicine at Chonnam National University in South Korea, led the painstaking work of studying CPS1 in the blood, bone marrow, liver and bile of mice, and working to increase its levels in the blood by injecting mice with an extra supply she generated in the lab.
The researchers gave this exogenous CPS1 to mice before they exposed them to levels of acetaminophen – the same common over-the-counter medication that millions of people take, and that holds the potential to damage the liver in high enough doses and in combination with other substances. Even when the mice received doses high enough to cause acute injury, those that received added CPS1 beforehand did not suffer major liver damage.
When the researchers injected CPS1 into mice after they received the high dose of acetaminophen, the animals’ livers showed significant signs of recovery.
“The amount of CPS1 released to blood naturally is not sufficient to cope with injury, which is why the boost becomes very helpful,” says Park. “In contrast, if too much is spilled to blood by the liver, then this means too many liver cells have died to have a chance to recover.”
Another lab-generated, or recombinant, form of CPS1 that did not have any ability to perform the usual ammonia-processing action worked as an anti-inflammatory just as well as the normal enzyme. So the researchers could tell that the effects were caused by its immune-triggering powers that they also demonstrated using additional sophisticated methods.
Next steps
Omary notes that since CPS1 is a fairly large protein, any effort to use and understand its therapeutic capacity might be improved by determining which of its components are most important for triggering the anti-inflammatory response.
He and his team are working to assess exactly how it works in mice, and to determine if it ultimately can be used as a therapeutic in humans. However, he cautions that significantly more work will be needed to determine the feasibility of its human use.
